I found the chapter four documents interesting as it depicts the ideology and religious beliefs of the various second wave civilizations and empires. I am intrigued as to how each civilization adapted their own set of beliefs and religious values, in which some still exist prominently today.
The first document are recordings from Confucius. Confucianism thrived throughout China, and it was something that varied greatly from the previous beliefs of Legalism. The documents are a collection of some of Confucius’ most profound teachings and thoughts. As I read The Analects, I thought this man is wise. However, some of his response lead me wandering or wanting more of an explanation, as he answered questions with more questions. When asked about death Confucius says “While you do not know about life, how do you know about death?” I though this is true, but I wanted to know more, how does Confucius really feel about the afterlife. Although wise, I feel as if he is somewhat unclear.
The second document are reflections from Hindu scriptures. Krishna is responding to a moral conflict of killing one’s own blood in a battle. Interestingly enough Krishna says it would be a sin if one did not kill for it would please Brahman to fight a righteous battle. Krishna emphasizes that those that die will be reborn. He says “For to one that is born, death is certain, and to one that dies, birth is certain.” Comforting the man, for his family will not simply die, but will be reborn in a different body. Krishna says that he has been reborn time and time again, and one can control the quality of reincarnation by doing good deeds or living morally according to Brahman. Although I do not agree with these ideas or philosophy of life, I find it entertaining.
The third document is was a recording by Plato of Socrates, an Athenian’s philosopher, accused of impiety and corrupting the youth of the city. After reading the Apology, I personally found Socrates innocent of the crime. In some aspects Socrates reminds me of Confucius, both extremely wise in there words, frequently asking questions to promote critical thinking. Similarly to Confucius, Socrates does not speak of religious theology, although he does mention God. Socrates make the greatest emphasis on one’s soul. He explains that people walk around consumed by materialistic objects and caring too much of one’s status, when they should really focus on gaining wisdom for one’s soul. Socrates defends himself by stating that he was attempting to aid the works of God by enlightening the citizens of Athen about one’s soul. I like the fact that Socrates has an immense sense of pride for himself and his philosophies, not even death can manipulate any of his thoughts. He sticks firmly to his word, and if that puts him to death, than so be it. Socrates’ death did have a profound impact on the Greece, as philosophy and rationalism consumed Greece civilians.
Document four comes from the bible, The Gospel of Matthew. Jesus is recoded, as he teaches a sermon on the Mount. Jesus enlightens his disciples teaching to love your enemy, never retaliate, never judge, and do not commit righteous acts in order to achieve praise from your peers. All of Jesus’ teaching appear moral and foretell the coming of the kingdom of God. Jesus also has a poised way of conveying his teachings. His sermons and teachings obviously had a substantial effect on his disciple and future believers, for Christianity still thrives today.
Although all four documents emphasize various ideas, one thing is similar; all convey a sense of moralism, as they promote the differences between right and wrong or good from evil. It is fascinating to see how these significant figures, recorded in the documents, play a profound role in shaping societies and religions.
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